“A Noiseless Patient Spider”

In Whitman’s â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider,† the speaker uses imagery to describe how he is studying a spider explore and work hard to fill an empty space by â€Å"Launch’d forth filament out of itself, ever unreeling them, ever tirelessly speeding them† (lines 4-5) in the first stanza. In the second stanza Whitman compares how a human can also be in an empty space like the spider like the spider trying to explore and connect to something either spiritually or personally. Another outlook using a Historical perspective you can see how Whitman compares the spider to the American people during his time and the separation between two different sides.In the first stanza the speaker is observing the spider almost scrutinizing the spider. Whitman uses very descriptive words like â€Å"isolated† (line 2) and â€Å"vacant vast† (Line 3) to show how tiny and small the spider is on the promontory compared to the massive universe making it so small th at it is noiseless. Even though the spider is surrounded by immense empty space it still is a â€Å"patient spider† (line 1) exploring and filling the empty promontory with its web. Even though there is only space around the spider it still tirelessly tries to make a connection to something by shooting out that web.When Whitman says the spider â€Å"launch’d forth filament, filament, filament, out of itself† (line 4) it shows the spider is patient because you get the image of the spider repeatedly shooting out filament trying to fill the vast space of the promontory. The lesson to learn from this spider is to keep patiently moving forward and explore your life no matter how vast or insurmountable the task maybe. In the second stanza the speaker makes a connection with the spider and relates the spider to himself â€Å"and you O my soul where you stand, Surrounded, detached, in measureless oceans of space† (lines 6-7).The speaker feels like the spider in t he fact that his soul is detached from the world around him and he is searching for something to connect to. When Whitman writes â€Å"seeking the spheres to connect them† (line 8) he uses the word spheres which could symbolize either people or a higher power like god, which means the speaker is trying to make a religious connection or a social one with other people. If the speaker is trying to connect to other people the filament or web would symbolize modern day cell phones or the internet hich we use every day to make connections with our friends or family so we don’t feel isolated, but during the time this poem was written it could symbolize bridges and ships that were built to connect separated countries. After looking at it with a biological and historical prospective different idea came to mind.Learning how Whitman lived through the civil war, the soul in the poem that is â€Å"Ceaselessly musing, venturing, throwing, seeking the spheres to connect them† could symbolize the division and disagreement of the American people during the civil war. Till the gossamer thread you fling catch somewhere, O my soul. † describes how Whitman was waiting for the day that America to come together as a nation of one instead of a nation divided. Going back to how the spider used single filaments to create a web that was one. I chose this poem because I liked the idea of putting single pieces together to create something in harmony that was complete.WORKS CITED DiYanni, Robert. Literature . Sixth Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2007. Print. â€Å"Walt Whitman . † Encyclopedia of World Biography. N. p. , Tuesday, September 21, 2010. Web. 21 Sep 2010. .

Indian Removal Act Essay

In 1791, the Cherokee Nation was allocated land in Georgia during a treaty with the U.S. In 1828, whites wanted to reclaim this land not only for settlement purposes, but because of the discovery of gold. President Jackson and the U.S Congress passed a policy of Indian removal for all lands east of the Mississippi River; this was known as The Indian Removal Act of 1830. As Georgia tried to reclaim this land, the Cherokee protested and took their case to the U.S Supreme Court, known as Worcester vs. Georgia. The act was instituted to authorize the Native Americans to move west. Native tribes included Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Seminole. While some tribes agreed to move west, many refused. The Native Americans resisted with great force as well as the Cherokee Indians being a significant part of the disagreement with the Supreme Court and Jackson. The Supreme Court favored the Cherokee Nations calling it â€Å"unconstitutional,† which caused controversy between Geor gia officials. In turn, the Georgia officials with the support of Jackson led to a forced march in 1838 with the removal of all Cherokee Indians known as The Trail of Tears. This march is also known to the Cherokee’s as â€Å"The Trail Where They Cried,† because approximately 4,000 died. Federal troops were given orders to remove 15,000 Cherokee people to their new home in Indian Territory, today known as Oklahoma. This removal violated the Supreme Court’s Decision. The repercussions of this removal led to many deaths of  Native Americans, not only from the force of removal, but from disease, starvation and the cold during their transition to their new home west of the Mississippi. Poverty of many relocated Indians lasted close to 100 years. The resources they gained while living in the land that they were stripped from, not only led to this poverty, but the livelihood of many natives were broken. International treaties were broken because of Jackson’s decision to go against the Supreme Court. It took over 30 years to removal all native tribes west. The Seminoles refused to leave calling the Act â€Å"unjust.† This resulted in the Second Seminole war lasting 7 years from 1835-1842. Jackson spent millions of dollars during his administration for this to succeed. â€Å"By the end of his presidency, Jackson had signed into law almost seventy removal treaties, the result of which was to move nearly 50,000 eastern Indians to Indian Territory—defined as the region belonging to the United States west of the Mississippi River but excluding the states of Missouri and Iowa as well as the Territory of Arkansas—and open millions of acres of rich land east of the Mississippi to white settlers (U.S. Department of State, 2014).† While some including the natives view this Act and unconstitutional to the treaties in which were implemented, others view this as a necessity to continue to make the government prosper. Many natives lost their lives. America is what it is today because of the mast amount of treaties and Act s placed upon us by our historical leaders. Although this Act went against the rights of settlers, domestic and international trade may not be what it is today if this was not forced by the powers of the Jackson administration. This takes us to the controversy of moral character and rights vs. the prosperity of the American people. Politics and economic infrastructure should be based upon both good moral character as well as the implementation of governing laws to ensure our prosperity as a nation. References: Murrin, J., Johnson, P., McPherson, J., Fahs, A., Gerstle, G., 2011. Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People. Fifth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning: Boston, MA U.S. Department of State: Office of the Historian, 2014. Indian Treaties and The Removal act of 1830. Retrieved from https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/indian-treaties

Attitude to Feminism in HoD

Attitude to Feminism in HoD In Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, Marlow’s preconceived notion of the naà ¯ve and sheltered woman is revealed early in the novel: â€Å"It’s queer how out of touch with truth women are! They live in a world of their own and there had never been anything like it and never can be. It is too beautiful altogether, and if they were to set it up it would go to pieces before the first sunset.† (Conrad 10) However, it is because of the women’s purity and naivete that the female characters in the novel–Marlow’s aunt, knitters of black wool, the African mistress, and the Intended–possess a sense of mystery and wield power over the men. The women eventually lead the reader to the discovery of a new truth—not that of the stark reality of the Congo, but of the fact that men yield to women’s will as a way to discover and assert themselves. The women are powerful enough to present the men with a direction, a literal journey, and a sense of purpose. Though Marlow’s aunt and the wool knitters appear for only a short period, their presence precipitates and steers the course of the novel. Marlow’s aunt, who is presented as a disillusioned woman stubbornly adhering to the notion of â€Å"White Man’s Burden,† is the one who actually directs Marlow into his expedition of self-discovery and truth in the first place. This irony is compounded by the fact that it is Marlow’s aunt who comes to the rescue when his own efforts prove fruitless: â€Å"The men said ‘My dear fellow,’ and did nothing. Then–would you believe it?–I tried the women. I, Charlie Marlow, set the women to work–to get a job.† (6) This passage implies that, regardless of Marlow’s condescending views of women, he too realizes (though without admitting it outright) the female influence and his and other men’s powerlessness. It is his aunt’s belief in the fundamental goodness of humanity that gives her power over men; she justifies male imperialistic goals and becomes the object onto which these men project wealth, power, and status. The women in the Belgian company office knit black wool, symbolizing and foreshadowing a sealed fate, dark and tragic. Their power rests in their possession of this fate, and their presence is so domineering that later in the journey, Marlow yields to their unquestionable authority: â€Å"The knitting old woman with the cat obtruded herself upon my memory as a most improper person to be sitting at the other end of such an affair.† (59-60) If Marlow’s aunt is the usher into Darkness, then the knitters are the Darkness’ gatekeepers, and Conrad’s representation of fate as two women is no concidence. The connection between the aunt and the knitters, and eventually the other female characters, binds them in a sisterhood, and their roles only complement their own respective goals in maneuvering the men. The ending of the book is shaped by the African mistress and the Intended. In physical contrast to the ailing Kurtz, the two women are towers (literally, by the descriptions of their height and outstretched arms) of strength, devotion, and purity. Throughout the book, Kurtz is the â€Å"remarkable person† (16), the â€Å"exceptional man† (19), and a quasi-Christ-like figure, but, to Marlow, the Intended is a god: â€Å"bowing my head before the faith that was in her† (70) and â€Å"silencing me into an appalled dumbness† (69). While Kurtz holds truth, the Intended holds illusion, and Marlow’s ultimate lie proves the world of women overcomes the world of truth. It is women’s illusion that shelters men and gives them strength and purpose. This protection can be clearly seen with the Intended: her depiction of Kurtz is drastically different from the reader’s observations, and her distorted image of Kurtz creates his pristine legacy by cle ansing him of his corruption. Her â€Å"inextinguishable light of belief and love† (69) manages to extinguish the darkness of humanity, of the man’s world. Marlow’s asserts women are â€Å"out of it† (44), that they exist in their own ideal space, void of vision and possibility and unbeknownst to truth and reality. Yet Marlow’s journey into the Congo places him into a dreamlike state in which he similarly cannot discern truth from fantasy. The implications of a thick, dark jungle signify a world where â€Å"the reality fades† and â€Å"the inner truth is hidden† (30). Thus, though both the female and male worlds are dark, the female characters dominate because they have not fallen into the male abyss—due to their purity and pledge of responsibility and faith. Marlow’s hazy journey into the Congo and hazy views of the female gender are similar, and this similarity is made even more apparent when he encounters the African mistress, who actually embodies the wilderness itself: â€Å"And in the hush that had fallen suddenly upon the whole sorrowful land, the immense darkness, the colossal bo dy of the fecund and mysterious life seemed to look at her, pensive, and though it had been looking at the image of its own tenebrous and passionate soul.† (56) Ironically, he is strongly attracted to her powerful feminine force, the force of nature, of the female world, which he had once made an effort to avoid. With his travel down the Congo, he has been forced to immerse himself in the female realm, an image of the African mistress with receiving arms, which has similarly â€Å"caressed him [Kurtz]†¦taken him, loved, him, embraced him, got into his veins, consumed his flesh, and sealed his soul†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (44). Marlow’s confused view of women can be read in parallel with Conrad’s own struggle to overtly and covertly balance the strong female presences in his work. In the beginning of the novel, Marlow is disoriented by his aunt, who manages to throw his opinions of gender and power into question. Thereby, Marlow becomes uneasy about his own powerlessness and the fact that women might have an existence aside from his problematic interpretations. In order to adhere to his viewpoints, however, Marlow refuses to admit the nuances he himself allows the reader to observe (i.e. the unmistakable power of his aunt, the knitters, the African mistress, and the Intended beyond his own), and his omission reveals a fear which in turn imparts an independent and potent sphere to those women. It is with this sphere–and the mystery within–that Conrad is able to reveal female power beyond a literal portrayal. That power is deeply psychological and subconscious, and closely intertwi ned amongst the women–the aunt ushering, the knitters guiding, the African mistress embracing, and the Intended cleansing–to conform the male characters to the female will. Works Cited Joseph Conrad. Heart of Darkness. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1990.

Riblets and Tripwires and their role in reducing drag over underwater Essay

Riblets and Tripwires and their role in reducing drag over underwater aerofoils - Essay Example Their optimal specifications, mechanism of functioning and potential applications for drag reduction over underwater aerofoils have also been dealt with. Riblets and tripwires In case of underwater vehicles, fluid mechanical drag (hydrodynamic drag) reduces the speed with which they travel through water. For a specific limit of engine power, the maximum speed that can be attained by the vehicle is drastically reduced due to the formation of eddies very close to the surface of the vehicle. Apart from this, another source of hydrodynamic drag is the development of pressure drag due to laminar flow at the boundary layers. Riblets can be used to reduce the formation of eddies near the surface of the vehicle, while tripwires can be used to reduce the pressure drag and induce turbulence at the boundary layers. Riblets: These are minute grooves, longitudinally placed on the surface of a vehicle or airfoil, and are in alignment with the direction of flow. They â€Å"have been shown by Walsh and Lindemann [1984] at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Reidy and Anderson [1988] at the Naval Ocean Systems Center (NOSC) to produce as much as 8 percent turbulent flow drag reduction on flat plates†.1 Studies on â€Å"fully submerged axisymmetric bodies†1 conducted by Beauchamp and Philips [1986 and 1987], have shown that the use of riblets reduces skin friction by seven percent.1 Tripwires: Tripwires, also known as turbulators, are thin wires that are attached at the hull of a vehicle or at the nose of a submarine or aircraft. These are used to â€Å"trip† or disturb the boundary layer and introduce turbulence, thereby reducing pressure drag. These are â€Å"one of the oldest and most used methods of turbulence stimulation†.2 1. Mechanism To comprehend the mechanism of functioning of riblets and tripwires, it is essential to understand the types of drag imposed on a vehicle and the process of their induction. The total drag experienced by a body, includes a combination of pressure and friction. The frictional drag can be reduced by using smooth surfaces. However, studies have shown that this form of drag is further reduced with the help of riblets. The boundary layer of flow around a vehicle can be distinguished into three parts, â€Å"a relatively small viscous sublayer, the middle buffer layer and the logarithmic layer†.3 The riblets that are used to reduce drag â€Å"extend into the buffer layer. With this kind of riblets a drag reduction of about 8-10%† has been achieved. This is because the riblets restrain the movement of eddies, which are prevented from coming very close, within 50 microns, to the surface of the aircraft or vehicle. â€Å"By keeping the eddies this tiny distance away, the riblets prevent the eddies from transporting high-speed fluid close to the surface, where it decelerates and saps the aircraft's momentum†.4 To reduce the pressure drag over a vehicle, tri pwires are used. Pressure drag occurs when there is a â€Å"lack of pressure recovery on the back of the body, due to separation of the flow around the body†.5 This results from laminar flow in the boundary layer around the vehicle. By using tripwires, it is possible to induce turbulence in this laminar layer, thereby reducing pressure drag. 2. Optimal Specifications The extent of drag reduction is found to increase with the size of riblets. However, for very

Anheuser Busch and Harbin Brewery Group of China Essay

Anheuser Busch and Harbin Brewery Group of China - Essay Example It is because of this fact that no particular local player emerged as the leading national beer producer in the country. The government intervention in the market is not up to that extent as normally considered by outside players. Since the industry experience very small margins and mushrooming of the low cost producers of regional level therefore there is a greater threats of substitutes for AB to enter into the market. As discussed in the case that no international beer brand has been able to make in-roads into Chinese Consumers subtly suggest the level of strong presence of substitutes developed according to the taste buds of the local consumers. The lack of market space for the leading beer brands of the world suggest that the substitutes have strong presence in the market and pose a greater threat. The threats of substitutes are from moderate to High. If the basic use of beer is just to quench the thirst of the consumer than the threats of substitution can be high however since Chinese consumer prefer to have some level of liquor in it therefore the scope of substitutes get bigger as wine and liquor products also become direct substitutes of our products. It has been the strategy of Chinese government to allow the entry into the Chinese Market through the formation of Joint ventures with the local companies in order to help the local players to gain technology and management expertise. Thus the biggest barrier to the entry into the market is the fact that companies looking for making in-roads into the Chinese Markets have to find local players to pair with as they themselves cannot start the sort of Greenfield projects. The current experiences in the Chinese Market suggest that the companies that have brought in foreign capital in the country has been not been able to sustain in the longer run therefore they have to look for the local players to take over their stakes in the

How to Maximize Club Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How to Maximize Club Capital - Essay Example Soccer is one the most common games worldwide that is played with the feet and a ball and consists of two teams with each 11 players battling it out to score goals of which the one with most wins. They obviously follow a set of rules and regulations laid down by the worlds soccer governing body FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association) whose memberships consists of 209 national associations (www.deloitte.com). Discussion Soccer is usually played for fun as a sport but when clubs are associated, this is where finance and soccer get into crossheads. Friends, workmates or just groups of people with the purpose of having fun initially formed soccer clubs but as professionalism came into play and larger numbers of crowds and fans became associated, â€Å"Soccer clubs then became considered as limited companies that can make profits and play in soccer leagues that are present all over the world† (Booth 78-90). So as we have seen soccer clubs do make profit and hereby we see the relationship between finance and soccer. Now we have to look at how these clubs generate their incomes and how they maximize on it. Most professional soccer clubs have academies where talent is nurtured from youth levels and the players get promoted to the next level as they grow up and also how good they get in the game. At one time, â€Å"most of the youth players make the first team squad but the rest who do not are usually sold to other clubs to further their careers† (http://soccerlens.com). â€Å"The club is responsible for providing all the necessary equipment needed for training of the players inclusive of gyms and fitness instructors as well as club doctors† (Walter 56-77). So how does a club earn income to cater for all of these expenses including paying the players wages? Well first we look at advertising. All professional soccer clubs have sponsors. These sponsors are mostly big companies or corporations. They give certain amount of money to the club and in return the soccer clubs put the sponsor’s name in front on their jerseys. This is a way of advertising. If we take examples of real-world soccer clubs that are well known and their sponsors like FC Barcelona, Qatar Airways sponsor which is a Spanish based club, Real Madrid also Spanish club is sponsored by Emirates Airline. Emirates has also sponsored other clubs such as Arsenal FC, an English based club; AC Milan, Italian based; Paris Saint-Germain(PSG), a French-based club among others. Soccer clubs can also have many sponsors, for examples the sports company that makes their jerseys and shoes. For examples Nike has sponsored FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Juventus etc while Adidas has sponsored Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, Chelsea etc. The players are also sponsored by different sports company that provide things like shoes for example, Lionel Messi (considered as the world’s best soccer player) is sponsored by Adidas. This sponsorship is separate from the clubs sponsorship. Other sponsors are like beverage companies that provide energy drinks for the players, motor companies that provide the players with luxury cars and so. All of these sponsorships earn the club a large amount of income which is used to pay the players’ wages and pay other bills. Another way of a club earning money is through the selling of players. A player that plays for a club is considered as an asset of the club and can be sold to make profits.  

Child Soldier Issue in Sudan, Uganda and Central African Republic Research Paper

Child Soldier Issue in Sudan, Uganda and Central African Republic - Research Paper Example The need to be able to earn a livelihood and support one's family in terms of earning mere amounts of money for younger siblings or suffering parents made many children become part of the worldwide child soldier community. The reasons that may thus prompt a child to become a child soldier may be the thought to support a poor family, separation from family or child running away due to unfavorable living circumstances, children displaced from their homes, children living in war zones, and children who may have little or no access to education. Orphans and children from refugee camps all over the world become acute targets of being enrolled as child soldiers as well. Owing to all the above mentioned possibilities it may we be assessed that social and economic pressures are the main key behind this grave issue. Children whose families live in warzones may have lost any of their close family member and resultantly may aim to avenge this incident by adopting to becoming a child soldier the mselves. "UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan has condemned child soldiering as a â€Å"damaging and despicable practice† (Child Soldiers, 13) Feelings of uncertainty and insecurity prevail in underdeveloped societies. Families see their and their children's' survival only if they'd be equipped with arms and would be trained to fight for their rights no matter to whatever extent of training it may involve. In addition to all this the providing of free food, clothing and lodging for their children and security are also a very attractive incentives for them. Societal issues are also a major trigger of increasing number child soldier recruitments. For underdeveloped societies where the countries are in a state of unrest it is not uncommon for young children to have lost a single or both parents and to get caught at the hands of the child hunting mafia to get eventually ending up as a militia's recruit. At times the elders purposely brainwash their children and convince them to willi ngly become militants so as to boost their fighting force against their potential enemies. The Concept In certain societal adverse circumstances children may be forced to join armed forces. If they resist they may be threatened to be killed.("Why do Children Become Soldiers?",n.p.). Child soldiers are not part of mainly the official armies of nations but are rather recruited on a regular basis by armed political groups who need fresh blood, conveniently replaceable, potentially harmless and energetic individuals at a very rapid rate. The numbers of recruits are in tens and thousands and their recruitments are both legal and forcible. As a part of their training these poor recruits are subject to all kinds of non-ethical behaviors such as rape, violence, hard labor and other forms of exploitation as well as being trained to use all sorts of weapons under the harshest of survival conditions. ("Child Soldiers" 13) The experiencing of harsh and violent conditions at one's own hands and at such a trivial age of being below eighteen results at the undermining of humanity in the child's conscience. The resultant is that these child soldiers become

IMF (International Monetary Fund) from 2007 to present using Research Paper - 1

IMF (International Monetary Fund) from 2007 to present using international business perspective - Research Paper Example But, with changing world scenario, various European countries, Japan as well as emerging economies like India, China, Korea, etc. have reduced the dominance of USA as they are following the same footprint (Hill, 2010). For example, share of FDI of the companies of developing world have increased from less than 1 percent in 1980 to as high as 15 percent in 2008, while the share of USA based companies have declined from near 40 percent in 1980 to 18 percent in 2008(approximately) (Hill, 2010). The political scenario has also changed in this changed economic situation. The political dominance of US is no under great threat in this increasing market economy. Many European countries that were Communist earlier and Some Asian countries have undertaken democratic politics and stressed on building free market economies. Hence, international businesses are getting more and more opportunities to enter these economies that have in turn strengthen these economies. (Hill, 2010) In this globalized world, importance of global institutions has increased significantly in maintaining order in various economical and political fields. IMF is one of such institutes which hold an important position in this changing economic and political environment. In fact, it is helping this process of change by its policies. IMF is responsible for maintaining order and stability in the international monetary system. The performance of international businesses to a large extent depends on the operation of international monetary system. If this system operates properly, then, the risks associated with international business operation reduce significantly. This paper will place its focus on some important issues relating to IMF policies and its scandals since 2007 as IMF activities is closely related to the performance of international businesses. (Hill, 2010) Since 2007, a number of issues relating to IMF activities is worth mentioning

Luftwaffe's Failure to Win the Battle of Britain Essay

Luftwaffe's Failure to Win the Battle of Britain - Essay Example Britain planned for German invasion called operation sea lion and this plan was to establish German air superiority over southern England and the English Channel, and aimed at attacking RAF and anything attached to it (Turner, 2010, p.38) resulting to the first world’s strategic bombing campaign and battle in the air, the battle of Britain. During the opening phase of the battle of Britain, the German planned to gain air superiority and this resulted to an attack by the Luftwaffe on the RAF fighter airfields named Eagle Day (Wyatt, 1940). Luftwaffe decided to attack British domestic shipping in the English Channel to draw out the RAF and suppress their fighting strength and even though the Germans made daily strikes against ship convoys, after sometime, Luftwaffe lost about 248 fighters and bombers to RAF’s 148 fighters lost and this encouraged RAF to fight on and win the battle (Wyatt, 1940). This essay presents an account for the for the Luftwaffe’s failure to win the battle of Britain. Â   About twenty years ago, Europe lay at Hitler’s feet and Britain faced its darkest hour as it was outnumbered and friendless as the German force continued its advance and this made them to see their defeat as being inevitable and their victory became legendary. RAF focused on shooting down all German planes from northern as well as eastern France (Clayton & Craig, 2011, p.18). RAF had the high-performance Hawker Hurricane and Super marine Spitfire fighters whereas the Luftwaffe's principal fighter planes were the Messerschmitt Bf109, the Messerschmitt Bf110, and numerous bombers Wyatt, 1940). The Luftwaffe failed to win the battle because they failed to destroy the air defences of Britain to enable them launch an invasion- Operation Sea Lion, and they as well failed to bomb Britain into surrender since RAF had a well-established and effective spitfire and hurricanes controlled by advanced radar system and this prevented Luftwaffe from emerging v ictorious. Luftwaffe focused on using air campaign to threaten Britain and this campaign was aimed weakening RAF in order to make Britain vulnerable to attack from the air, and to fulfil the basic precondition of invasion by establishing air superiority over the invasion of the South East England (Bungay, 2010, p.27). At the beginning of the battle, Luftwaffe focused on attacking shipping in the English Channel as well as coastal towns but later on, Goering changed his focus to completely destroy RAF, by attacking airfields and their radar bases. When the battle commenced RAF had less than 500 aircraft that were not capable of reaching German territory and therefore, the British preparations was based on avoiding defeat and conquest (Overy,2010, p.6-7). Many factors can explain the Luftwaffe’s failure to win the battle of Britain and many scholars have contributed largely in providing an explanation of the air battle and how the air campaign was developed. Firstly, German pla nes were constructed and designed for short distance tactical tricks and local air superiority, they lacked heavy bombers (Wyatt, 1940), and they lacked quality fighters with the fuel endurance to act as escorts to the bombers they had. Germany lacked long-range bombers and was not able to field its first strategic bomber during the battle (Correll, 2008). On the contrary, Britain had a much more experienced and better equipped fighting force and generally, RAF was strong and massively outnumbered German forces. Accordingly, more and better British fighters were available and ready to help RAF during the battle

Benefits of Nonverbal Communication Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Nonverbal Communication Essay Certain things are not conveyed by words or verbal means because individuals are not simply skilled to deliver or are not trained to explain in appropriate means or symbols. An officer can definitely learn from an understanding of nonverbal communication as he/she will be able to gain the nuances of an offender or parolee’s responses whether these are in consonance with the gaze in his eyes, the confidence of gait, or the studied looks that he may portray during the sessions that might transpire with the officer (Messina, Training in Nonverbal Communication). An officer who has spent a lengthy time studying people in this kind of profession, the difficulty usually lies in studying those who are mentally deranged, or the offenders who are so evil that they are capable to manipulate even the most intelligent officers, when possible. Their eyes convey differently where their talk or smiles carry them to a different level (Carrick, 2006). Art in any form conveys the reality that a human’s world is enriched by the kind of communication inherent in being human. Even one’s attire may speak a million things about the person or his intentions. People communicate both through verbal and nonverbal modes. Though we mistake verbal communication is clearer, yet often the reverse is truer (Messina, Training in Nonverbal Communication). People frequently understand our gestures more than our words. Hence, the adage â€Å"Actions speak louder than words. † Nonverbal communication is taught and performed frequently on an almost instinctive level. People get attention by using nonverbal signals and every so often the attention is usually due to an unpleasant manner by which these signals were conveyed. Most people who employ body language utilize such behavior to conceal the self for fear of rejection. The result would mean no real deep connections and deters other people to develop such deep and beneficial relationships. Many of those who realize their need try to unlearn years of covering up and attempt to make themselves known to avoid (Messina, Training in Nonverbal Communication). Every individual has inadequate stock of body language and utilizes the same manners to show specific emotionality. Body language and/or gestures, and a host of physical and psychological signals take place in clusters. This means that when a particular body language is used, it may not mean much as when it is used alongside many other forms of communication (Messina, Training in Nonverbal Communication). The officer then must continually make use of every opportunity as a learning experience as people are dynamic and continually changing. Reference: Carrick, Damien. 31 January 2006. The Law Report. Parole Boards. Messina, James D. Training in Nonverbal Communication. Accessed from Analysis of Cultural Communication and Proxemics http://www. unl. edu/casetudy/456/traci. htm

Resource Mobilisation Theory

Resource Mobilisation Theory The study of social movements is a very broad and encompassing task; with each new movement come new theories, approaches and events that change the field. Social movements, as defined by sociology, can be characterized as a group of persons, who, by sharing a common ideology, band together to try and achieve certain political, economic or social goals.  [1]  There are a few standard theories to describe, understand and evaluate the effectives of social movements. Amoung the major theories currently looked at today are resource mobilization, collective behaviour theory, frame alignment theory and political opportunities theory. Although each has its own merits and shortcomings, this essay will only be examining the strengths and weaknesses of one particular theory, that of resource mobilization. The strengths focus on the theorys ability to effectively dissect the interactions between various material and non-material resources, the political structure and mobilization, while the weaknesses will examine the theorys reliance on economic models, its lack of historical perspective and its ignorance to real-world factors. The conclusion of the paper will also discuss the future use of the theory, its changing adaptations and whether or not the theory itself is still viable in todays world. B: History and Assumptions of the Theory The history of resource mobilization theory begins pre-dominantly with research done in the 1970s. Unlike other theories of social movements at the time, resource mobilization theory, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦replaced the crowd with the organization, and dismissed the psychological variables of alienation and frustration in favour of the rational actor employing instrumental and strategic reasoning.  [2]  It was this difference, which made it stand out amongst academics and prompted a flurry of research to compile an overarching framework regarding resource mobilization. However, within this framework of the theory lie two distinct approaches: First, the economic or organizational/entrepreneurial model presented by McCarthy and Zald and secondly, the sociopolitical or political/interactive argued more favorably by authors such as Tilly, Diani, and McAdam. Tilly, Diani and McAdams emphasis focuses predominately on employing a political model in order to examine the various processes that ar e claimed to give rise to social movements.  [3]  They base their ideas on the structure of grievances, in so far as they look to determine what opportunities, links or networks exists within the aggrieved group, in order to give rise to enough mobilization as to claim a social movement. Factors they included range from various forms of political power, to the oft conflicting interests of the state and the aggrieved group and finally to the political resources the group has or may need  [4]  . Conversely, the organization/entrepreneurial model emphasizes resource management, the role of leaders and leadership, and the dynamics of organization. This approach is much more economics based and therefore tries to apply various economic theories to the study of social movements. Charles Perrow, when describing this approach, makes light of the fact that it is much more capitalist based and therefore the organization/entrepreneurial branch makes reference to such ideas as: product differentiation, social industry, resource competition, social movement entrepreneurs etc.  [5]   The theory also sets aside three main assumptions when discussing social movements. 1) That economic prosperity and affluence will generally lead to a greater number of social movements.  [6]  2) That people who participants in social movements are inherently rational.  [7]  3) That the social movements participants must achieve a certain level of political and economic resources for their movement to be a success.  [8]  Therefore, as nations become more prosperous and generate necessary social movement resources such as education, wealth and communication, these in turn will help spur social movement activity. It therefore follows that this increase in activity will allow rational people to accumulate the resources needed for their social movement to be successful. Kendall defines the theory as such, resource mobilization theory focuses on the ability of members of a social movement to acquire resources and mobilize people in order to advance their cause.  [9]  Note that the aforementioned affluence is said to be most beneficial when coupled with an open state, which allows groups to mobilize freely and encourages debate and dissent as it promotes the values of freedom, capitalism and transparency. Also, the growth of the welfare state is often seen as a boost to social movements as the State itself can provide resources to struggling movements in the form of aid, workers or development programs.  [10]   The resources that the theory describes range from material to non-material, but are said to include, money, peoples time and skills, access to the media, and material goods such as property and equipment.  [11]  Simply put, resource mobilization theory describes how effective social movements can be, by examining how the groups involved in social movements both mobilize their supporters and manage their resources. Some theorists, such as Anthony Oberschall have furthered the view that the resources defined by the theory are in a constant state of struggle, in which they are perpetually created, consumed, transferred and/or lost.  [12]  Oberschall therefore views social movements much like organizations who vie for a limited number of resources in the political marketplace.  [13]   A key feature to remember, is that the resources(or assets) outlined in the theory can be of both material and non-material nature. Material assets include currency, buildings, people, telephones and computers. Non-material assets include ideology, will-power, political support, leadership and solidarity.  [14]   The other main aspect of the theory is the mobilization aspect. Mobilization is said to occur when a particular group(in this case one assumes a social movement) assembles the aforementioned resources with the explicit purpose on using them to achieve a common goal, change or message through collective action. A distinction must be drawn between the two, as merely gathering resources is not mobilization. Only when those resources have been collectively assigned to pursue a purpose, is mobilization said to take place.  [15]   B. Strengths of the Theory B1. Explanatory power of the Theory: Foweraker discusses the explanatory staying power of the theory, including its ability to adapt over time.  [16]  He states that despite it coming under criticism over the past decade or so, The theory has expanded its explanatory power by including a range of ancillary arguments. The first one of these arguments is that social networking has proven to be a decisive tool in aiding the mobilization of social movements.  [17]  Authors John Hansen and Steven Rosentone, in the book Mobilization, Participation and Democracy in America discuss the impact of social networks on social mobilization by stating, Social networks multiply the effect of mobilization.  [18]  This can be seen in everyday life, as mass communication(often one of the most important resources mentioned when discussing resource mobilization theory) has taken off in a way that not even States can control. The freedom of the internet makes mobilization not only easy, but participation costs shrink. It therefor e comes to no surprise that as social networks have grown, so too have the ability of organizers to mobilize transnational social movements such as the global environmental movement, the tea-party movement of the trans-national European movement. Another aspect of this particular strength of resource mobilization theory lies in its explanatory power to explain the various dynamics of mobilization; to help identify the various resources that social movements need in order to mobilize, the distinctive organizational features needed with condition social movements and the ever growing relationships between the political system as a whole and these movements.  [19]  By moving slightly away from the purely social/cultural or political and instead focusing more generally on resource management and strategy, resource mobilization theory highlights the growing importance of strategic/instrumental action. It also shows a level of understanding in which the decisions taken by the various actors actively affect the outcome of the conflict between the movement and the system.  [20]   B2. Strong analysis of the political system and its interactions with collective action: Resource mobilization theory also includes a very important emphasis on the political process. This is a key feature which provides useful insights into the how social movements interact within the political system. Moreover, an examination of the structure of the political system tends to yield interesting results regarding the set of political factors with either facilitate or harm the emergence of social movements.  [21]  The theory further goes on to focus on the interactions between collective action, social networks and group identity. Foweraker identifies these as prior social organizational interaction and says, Levels of prior social organization influence the degree and type of social mobilization.  [22]   C. Weaknesses of the Theory C1. Adherence to economic cost/benefit models: The first of several weaknesses of resource mobilization theory centre on its apparent adherence to an economic rationality, which presupposes various costs and benefits of a common rational participants. Foweraker believes this shortcoming gives rise to two fundamental flaws of resource mobilization theory and described these two problems as such, First, social actors are presumed to employ a narrowly instrumental rationality which bridges a rigid means/end distinction. The careful weighing of costs and benefits implied by the means/end model falls far short of a universal or complete account of collective action, if only because action may be its own reward. More particularly, to recall Webers analysis of social action, the motives that predispose the actor to act may be not merely instrumental, but habitual, affective and, above all, expressive.  [23]  If the theory only cares about the rationality of actors, then it fails to account for what rationality actually is, as the definition of such ranges from individual to individual. If one person enjoys protesting for the sake of protesting and not, as the theory would say, to achieve a goal, then how can the theory describe their rationality as a participant in a social movement? C2. Rationality without reference to social context and lack of cultural considerations: The second weakness of the theory revolves around an idea of solitary rationality. Resource mobilization theory assumes that rationality is at all times beneficial, yet with any social or historical context, it is nearly impossible to determine how the various costs and benefits of the movements are calculated. Foweraker describes this as a tautological trap, in which the theory, must then define the actors interests in such a way that no matter what choice is made it is always sent to further those interests.  [24]  Melucci agrees with this ascertain by stating that, collective action is never based solely on cost-benefit calculation and a collective identity is never entirely negotiable.  [25]  As Scott correctly points out, social movements must include, the cultural as well as the purposive aspects  [26]  for as it stands now, resource mobilization theory understands the how of social movements, but not the why.  [27]  Also, an associated weakness of the theory is that it gives little room for any sort of cultural considerations. Scott addresses this notion, by underpinning that without any reasonable consideration of cultural, solitary action seems very unlikely.  [28]   C3. Ignorance of real-world variables and factors: The third overarching criticism of resource mobilization theory stems of its apparent lack of real world considerations. The theory purports to understand the dynamic relationship between social movements, yet pays no heed to events such as political negotiations, bribery, espionage and sabotage. Foweraker outlines political negations as being more commonplace than any other political tool and states, Since [rational] choice is often a result of interactions with a living political environment, it makes little sense to think of it as uncontaminated by negotiationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [29]  Another interesting point made by Scott Lash and John Urry in their paper, The New Marxism of Collective Action: A Critical Analysis argue that, the rationality applying to one-off game-like situations does not necessarily apply to long-term relations.  [30]  This also applies to the theory of free-riding in which people may participate in a movement purely because of the advantageous position it will put them in, and not because they truly feel motivated in the movement itself. Therefore resources may be drained and fail if enough free riders are brought on. In particular, the theory fails to explain socials movements that are too weak to distribute selective benefitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [31]  due exactly to this problem. D. Conclusion and Future: After having discussed the various strengths sand weaknesses of resource mobilization theory, this paper will now conclude with a look into the future; regarding both longevity of the theory and the overall attractiveness to academics in its current form. Given the overarching criticisms inherit to the theory itself, it should come as no surprise that the theory has lot a lot of ground to other theories of social movements, such as Political Opportunities theory, Frame Alignment theory or any of a new number of New Social Movement theories.  [32]  However, there is still plenty of underlying merit of resource mobilization theory, which this paper believes will keep it in the foreground of social movement theory for the foreseeable future. This is mainly due to the essential fact that without resources, regardless of how one defines them, social movements simply cannot generate enough momentum to sustain themselves. Therefore, taking a look into the various approaches of mobilizat ion with regards to these resources is as important now, than it was in the 1970s. Coupled with its relative openness and adaptability should make resource mobilization theory a useful tool for the foreseeable future.

a man for all seasons :: essays research papers

A Man for All Reasons. For a truly Christian man, nothing is more important than preparing the immortal soul for the next life. In the play, A Man for All Seasons, Sir Thomas Moore is a devout Christian–apparent due to his unceasing prayers, vast humbleness, devotion to his family, and his ardency in maintaining the truth. His refusal to obey King Henry VIII shows that he believes strongly in life after death, for going against the King of England in Renaissance Era ensured swift, lethal retribution. Sir Thomas More fought for what he believed in and refused to be molded into something that he wasn’t. Sir Thomas More did not die in vain, he did not deviate from his personal beliefs. More achieved more in the end because he didn’t let death worry him. His last words illustrate this, â€Å"His will not refuse one who is so blithe to go† (99). More understood that he was in line with his beliefs. He knew that by dying and not worrying, he would be proving a point to the public by letting it be known that Cromwell had set him up. When More died it sent a message to the public that the King was wrong in what he was doing. As More died in front of a lot of people, it certainly showed to the public that it was honorable and he put his point across in the clear way. â€Å"†¦.but because I would not bend to the marriage† (78), More is simply stating that he wouldn’t agree with the King for the clear intention of staying alive. When More died it was for a worthy cause to take a stand against something he felt was real and because he did not worry in the process his actions were not in vain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By More dying, he proved a point to himself and the public. He proved that he was honorable and not going to succumb to the deceitful thinking of Cromwell and the King. â€Å"I have not disobeyed my sovereign. I truly believe no man in England is safer than myself† (40). This clearly demonstrates the fact that More knew what he was doing and wasn’t going to go against his beliefs for the sake of living. More knew that if he stayed alive, it would have been insufferable, living in jail for the rest of his life, no job, and little sight of family.

Essay --

Introduction From 1692 to 1693 in Boston Massachusetts many people were accused of practicing witchcraft. In this year close to 200 people were accused of practicing the â€Å"devils magic† and they were put on trial with the possibility of the final verdict of either life or death. This dark magic was commonly associated with random outburst, screaming, and certain positions foreign to those around them, and other things people found were out of the norm and unnatural. During this time people lived a puritan lifestyle, the devil was made very real, and this conservative and rigid lifestyle gave way to a strong belief in the devil. A total of nineteen people were hung During the Salem Witch Trials because of their conformation with the devil and their practice of witchcraft.† June 10th; Bidget Bishop, July 19th; Rebecca Nurse, Sarah Good, Susannah Martin, Elizabeth Howe, Sarah Wildes, August 19th; George Burroughs, Martha Carrier, John Willard, George Jacobs, Sr, John Proctor, September 22nd; Martha Corey, Mary Eastey, Ann Pudeator, Alice Parker Wilmott Redd, Margaret Scott, Samuel Wardwell.† Those accuses in Salem, Boston Massachusetts, were believed to be seduced by the devils magic. Those accused, regardless of being guilty or not were brought into court and were pushed through the legal process. The court held each person to the same accountability, guilty until proven innocent. Each person was taken to jail, later to be asked series of questions by the magistrate to determine their confrontation with the devil and the many things that the devil influenced. In the government of today’s s ociety the same process is given to those that are accused of a crime, then having the evidence go to a grand jury, there deciding whether there ... ... the town of its evil, or the guilty, those that disturb the peace of our society, but in doing so they have not protected the innocent. During the Salem witch trials there were three things that were vital during the trail of finding a witch or wizard, â€Å"confession, testimony of two eye witnesses to acts of witches, and spectral evidence.† The process in which people are out on trial today are based upon five pieces of evidence; faulty eye witness of identification, false confessions, jail house informant testimony, perjury, prosecutorial misconduct. The Salem Witch trials had faith in this system believing all it took to find the guilty was were solely these pieces of evidence. Society and the citizens of today have the same trust in the judicial system today that it will protect. The system of the United States, aims to protect the innocent and lock up the guilty,

Free College Admissions Essays: Sudden Death Canasta :: College Admissions Essays

Sudden Death Canasta All eyes were focused on me. This was it. The tension had been building up to this point, and I knew there was no way out. I had gotten myself into this predicament, and I was the only one that could get myself out of it. There was nobody to turn to, for they were all waiting for my final move. I had never felt so alone, so isolated. I thumbed through my cards for the fourth consecutive time, and I could still not decide which one to throw. I glanced up from my cards and caught a glimpse of each player. I immediately felt the intensity of my brother's eyes glaring at me from across the table. He did not provide me with the support and reassurance I was looking for from my partner. I shifted my eyes to the right. My mother, having just discarded a five of clubs and seeing that it was of no use to me, was sipping coffee with a carefree grin of relief. Then I peered directly at the most intimidating canasta player I have ever encountered. Great Grandma Rose was calmly humming a tuneless tune which added to her enigma. As this crafty eighty-eight year old lady squinted at her cards through her bifocals, I knew that time was running out; I had to make my decision. The most obvious choice was to discard the king of spades for which I had no use, but I was afraid that she was waiting for this card. My alternative was to break up my meld and throw the six of clubs, a card which I felt somewhat safe in throwing. In the midst of my despair, great grandma delivered the final blow. She stopped humming and uttered these dreaded words: "It only hurts for a minute." She could not have dug a knife any deeper. My brother's eyes were flaring with tension, I had complete control over his fate, and I knew our team unity was riding on the outcome of my decision. I therefore decided to play defensively and throw the six of clubs. No sooner had my discard settled on top of the pile than my great grandmother's hand darted out to snatch up the stack of cards and my brother simultaneously belted out a scream. "The six of clubs?

English Paper Tuesday with Morrie

Tanya Brownridge English 21 Mr. Gregory In the novel Tuesday's with Morrie, by Mitch Albom, it was expressed through writing in many ways how Morrie's childhood has affected him and his behavior as an adult in life. When Morrie was a child a lot of dramatic things had taken place, which has shaped him into the person he is today. His mother had died, his brother had polio, and Morrie's family was poverty- stricken. Charlie is Morrie's father. He becomes hardened following the death of his wife.He came to America to escape the Russian army. He was uneducated, poor, and did not speak English well. Morrie was disappointed that he never experienced the feeling of love or warmth from his father. Charlie took Morrie to the fur factory where he worked in hopes that Morrie would make a career from it. Morrie absolutely hated it and vowed never to work in a factory. We never learn her name, but Morrie lost his mother when he was seven years old. From this, Morrie learns that life can go on af ter a death. Eva was Morrie's stepmother.She married Charlie the year following the death of Morrie's mother. Morrie received the love he longed for from Eva, a Romanian immigrant. She would sing to Morrie nightly, something he loved. David is Morrie's brother. He contracts Polio following the death of their mother. Morrie blames himself for this, as David awoke unable to move one morning, following a day of playing together in the rain. David spends his childhood with braces on his legs, in and out of a medical home. From his brother's disease, Morrie is able to learn compassion at a young age.In conclusion, the two discuss Morrie's burial, on a hill under a tree, Morrie asks Mitch to visit him. Morrie's soul will not be there, but his body will. This is another case of anthropomorphism, as human characteristics are assigned to a lifeless, cremated body buried six feet under the ground. Morrie still wants Mitch to visit him so that their talks will continue every once in a while, a lthough it conflicts with what Morrie said earlier in the book. Morrie will always be with Mitch, no matter where he is, because of the love between the two men.

My Dog, Romeo

My dog, Romeo My dog, Romeo, is the best pet anyone could have. He is beautiful and easy to care for. Playing with him is lots of fun. He always takes care of me. There isn't a better pet anywhere. Romeo is a beautiful tricolor Sheltie. He is mostly black with white and a bit of brown. Caring for him is easy because I simply have to make sure he has fresh water and food every day. I exercise him by throwing his toys. Romeo is a good pet because he is nice looking and doesn't require much care. Romeo is lots of fun to play with. He loves to play catch. He follows me around the house with a toy and drops it on my foot so I will kick it. He can catch just about anything, but his favorite is chasing a Frisbee. I really have fun playing with Romeo. Romeo takes care of me. He always follows me when I leave a room. When I am sitting on the couch he plops down right beside me. When we are outside in the woods he always makes sure that I keep up with the rest of the family. He always watches out for me. As you can see, Romeo is a great pet. I am proud of him and he doesn't require much care. Playing with him is always enjoyable. He watches over me and keeps me safe. Romeo is absolutely the best pet anyone could even have!

Modeling and Remodeling Theory Essay

Nursing as a discipline follows certain rules or general procedures in their practice. Usually, the nursing process involves five phases starting with the assessment of the patient’s condition, followed by a diagnosis meant to identify the health problem of the patient. Afterwards, a planning phase would ensue wherein the nurse and the patient would discuss the possible course of action with respect to the patient’s condition. When an agreement was made, the process would proceed to the implementing phase in which goal/s would be set and achieved. The final phase known as the evaluation phase happens when the goals are being achieved to identify whether the plan was successfully followed or to identify why the goals were not achieved in case of failure. Overall, the whole nursing process had been known as ADPIE. It was regarded as a step-by-step approach in the nursing profession aimed at solving the patients’ problem (Keogh and Richards, 2008). Nursing, like other body of knowledge, encounters several forms of knowledge. Haynes and colleagues cited Carper’s fundamental patterns of knowing to summarize what knowledge are incorporated in the nursing process. According to Carper, it involves empirical knowing which is observable and uses scientific data, information and processes. Next on Carper’s list was aesthetic knowing, which reflects the claim about nursing as a form of art that involves empathy, care and compassion (Haynes and colleagues, 2003). Another type of knowing is ethical knowing, that deals with decision-making regarding morality such as what the right thing to do and what must be done? The last type was personal knowing which involves the personal values and beliefs that can help nurses grasp meaning and create decisions required in their profession. When Erickson and colleagues devised the Modelling and Role Modelling Theory of nursing, they took into consideration what nurses do and how they do it (Haynes and colleagues, 2003). They incorporate various philosophies and approaches into their theory which results into a more integrative approach. It resolved the conflict between nursing as a science or an art by infusing them into a single paradigm. The MRM theory was affected by prominent thinkers such as Maslow who identified human needs, Piaget with his idea of psychosocial development, Erickson, Winnicott and colleagues and their concept of loss and Selye and Engel who identified the individual’s responses to stress and its causes. From their ideas, Erickson and colleagues came up with the Adaptive Potential Assessment Model or APAM (Alligood and Tomey, 2006). In this model, nurses would first engage in modeling the client’s world by understanding the client’s experiences through the client’s perspective. This will be followed by role-modeling wherein the nurse would create plans and design possible interventions depending on the client’s unique needs. Role-modeling requires the â€Å"acceptance of the client while promoting development based on the client’s own model (Alligood and Tomey, 2006)†. Adaptation concerns how the client reacts to stressors. The APAM model distinguished three states in the process of adaptation: arousal, impoverishment and equilibrium. The APAM model helps the nurses to predict the â€Å"client’s potential to cope and mobilize self-care resources in response to stress (Alligood and Tomey, 2006)†. Self-care, typically involves making use of the patient’s â€Å"knowledge, resources and action† to improve his condition (Alligood and Tomey, 2006). MRM theory makes use and reflects Carper’s fundamental patterns of knowing. It promotes the role of the nursing as an art while utilizing scientific and social theories that expand the role of nurses by giving them authority to interpret and analyze the patient’s condition based on personal knowledge. The plan and implementation depends on the nurse’s relationship, acceptance and impression of the client. Overall, the MRM theory modified the nursing process by assimilating the patient’s needs and reaction into the nursing process.

Application of Simulation Technique in Queuing Model for ATM Facility Essay

1.0 Issues/ Problem Statement: Most of the ATMs have the problem of long queue of customers to undergo simple transaction at the peak hours and remain idle due to the lack of customer entry at the off peak hours. 2.0 Objectives: 1. To develop a simulation model to reduce the waiting time of customers and the total operation cost related to ATM installation. 2. To determine whether only one machine is required to fulfill the need or two more machines are needed to be installed to give comfort to customers who are really of short period of time. 3. To develop an efficient procedure for ATM queuing problem 3.0 Literature Review: Apart from ATM problem, simulation with queuing model had been used for various applications too: According to Pieter Tjerk de Boer (1983), substantial focus has been dedicated to the estimation of overflow probabilities in queuing networks. A different adaptive method has applied to queuing problems than in the present work with few simple models been considered.The article of S. S. Lavenberg(1989) has discussed that simulation is feasible for statistically studying a complex queuing model. Moderate simulation durations are found to be sufficient to obtain precise confidence interval estimates. As current configuration at each step of savings or insertion procedures is possibly infeasible, thus the alternative configuration is one that yields the largest savings in some criterion functions with these procedures can be found in Clarke and Wright (1964) or in Solomon (1987). Christofides et al (1981) has discussed Lagrangean relaxation procedures for the queuing of customer in front of ATM. Interactive optimization is incorporated into the problem-solving process with adaptations of this approach to queuing are presented by Krolak et al (1970). Brame and SimchiLevi (1995) has illustrated simulation model is worked by initially introducing the location based heuristic for general queuing problem as a location problem which is solved subsequently and the solution is transformed into solution to the queuing problem. 4.0 Methodology: Simulation technique in queuing model is used for solving ATM waiting time problem since this problem cannot be solved with mathematical techniques and physical experimentation. Simulation technique helps identifying the pitfalls of existing 3 ATM services of 3 different banks at VIT (Vellore Institute of Technology). Initially, the simulation is being applied to see the rate of entry and exit, the waiting time of a customer with the ATM machine’s idle time after observation of the similar and continuous trend on weekdays and weekends separately. The next step i.e. utilize queuing model to examine the number of customers in the system to the customers wait before being served, thereby it proposes a new ATM service from any of these banks or other than the existing banks based upon the service required from the customers. A suitable simulation technique is also formulated to reduce idle time of servers and waiting time of customers for any bank having ATM facility. 5.0 Findings: The overall result shows the comparison between the three banks based on several characteristic, by applying mathematical formula, the simulation technique and queuing theory. From the simulation result, Indian Bank weekend has the lowest expected time customer spends in the system, 80; whereas Indian Bank weekdays free and Centurion bank have the highest in expected time customer spends in the system that is 120. Apart from that, the result also shows Indian Bank weekdays free and Centurion Bank has the 0 time for the customer expected to wait, whereas SBI weekend has the highest expected waiting time per customer, 12. From the queuing result, Centurion Bank has the lowest expected time customer spend in the system that is 189, whereas Indian Bank weekdays free, SBI weekdays free and SBI weekend has showed the highest, 250. For the expected waiting time per customer, Centurion Bank has showed the lowest 69, whereas SBI weekend with the highest result, 159. 6.0 Discussions: By taking one day as a standard, a heavy crowd is found in prime hours during the weekdays in Indian Bank and SBI ATMs, the equipment ATM is 100% utilized by the customers. Utilization factor for Indian Bank and SBI in the non-busy hours is 50% and 55% respectively. In weekend period, the utilization factor for Indian Bank and SBI is 62% and 64% respectively. The reason shows that the SBI has obtained the highest utilization factor among the other 2 banks is because of the customers do not face the â€Å"Out of Service Problem† which is frequently occurred in Indian Bank and Centurion Bank, with an average of two times in a week. However, it takes more time to reload the currency in the ATM machine than Indian Bank in SBI. Few customers have the ATM transaction with Centurion Bank because of the dissatisfaction on its customer service and the minimum number of branches throughout the India. In addition, from the tabulate results, SBI ATM has obtained the minimum Ws and Wq than the other two banks which imply that it has attained the customer satisfaction on its services. 7.0 Recommendations: Every aspect that has an effect on making the waiting time longer in the ATM should be taken into the consideration. The aspects like the people that are not well versed with ATM, customers who have stand in the queue and leave, the time the workers take to feed the ATM with currency, out of stock situation and holidays which mostly after exams the utility of ATM should be taken into account of the waiting problem. Another recommendation is the sample size should be extended into larger sample size and more days of observation to obtain more accurate results. In addition, the consideration of waiting cost and service cost can help developing an efficient procedure for ATM queuing problem and to find out the best ATM facility. 8.0 Conclusion: Queuing Model and Simulation Model(SM) are used to define the queuing problems in terms of decision making to reduce the customer’s waiting time. After comparing the customers’ behaviour on different TM service at VIT, a new ATM machine (SBI) should be installed in men’s hostel to facilitate more customers towards the service by reducing the customers cost and service cost for the long run’s benefit. 9.0 Personal Comment/ opinion: In the last ten years, simulation software and methodology has been developed and used in the bank services. The previous sections have shown that using the simulation technique can increase sustainability of a bank with better customer service and enhanced customer satisfaction. However, this simulation technique is not limited only in modeling the customer in a bank, but the same concept can also be applied in defining and analyzing the model of a system or problem in the banking areas. Other areas can be modeled in banking areas such as customer flows to evaluate alternative layout within a branch bank, cash flows between branches and the bank’s central office. Once these models developed, it can easily be used to examine the effect of different parameters on the variables in the model.

Changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Changes - Essay Example array of studies was conducted by Gendreau and Ross is 1987 that proved to be effective in proving certain reforms to be true and arranging the juvenile system is the set order. More researches are carried by the Greenwood and Zimring in 1985 that added several feature to secure the rights of the juvenile offenders and secure the made the juvenile justice system to be respected and responsive in solving the problems of the juvenile offenders. Similar types of researches are carried by the Altschuler and Armstrong in 1984 that made the juvenile justice system different from the general justice system in every method, proceedings and punishments. Most recently, the National Council on Crimes and delinquency evaluated how the system can be made more responsive in minimizing the crime rate by summarizing the previous reforms in the juvenile justice system. These reforms are made by Lipsey and other colleges of him in

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Research Paper Example For many, that realization is quite difficult to accept and admit. In the case of driving motor vehicles this can sometimes create an issue. Not everyone ages the same rate and not every aging driver is a potential menace on the road, because of age; however, at the same time, the number of car accidents involving elderly drivers, that had nothing to do with alcohol, drugs, or speeding, is sky-rocketing and the only variable is that they were in fact elderly. (Davis, and DeBarros 1) This alludes to the fact that there does become a point when aging drivers are no longer capable of operating a motor vehicle with the same optimum efficiency that they once did. That deficit is not going to improve with age. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to require drivers over a certain age, ideally 70, to commit to yearly driver’s tests to maintain their licenses. Background Age does not necessarily equal poor driving skills. Human beings age differently, some individuals driving compete nce may be impaired before the age of 70, while others may be well capable of driving well into their 80s. Also, not every instance of accidents is due to an aging driver’s mental illness. Many of the accidents related to the elderly have to do with much more common concerns, like deteriorating vision and decreased response times to physical limitations. That said, not every grey-haired driver that you pass on the road is an accident waiting to happen. Statistically elderly drivers drive less often and shorter distances than younger drivers, and yet can have accident ratio that makes them even more of a threat than teenage drivers. In fact, the federal statistics show that drivers 85 and older are involved in traffic accidents that result in fatalities an average of three per day.(Davis, and DeBarros 1) Recently instances of elderly drivers involved in accidents has been highlighted in the news and it sparks some serious social and public issues. A feasible and ethical soluti on must be reached as the number of driving Americans 65 and older will increase to an estimated 69 million by the year 2030.(Copeland 1) The suggestion to require yearly testing of drivers over a certain age has been met with support and criticism. While many see the need for such measures, others are less impressed with the idea and equate it to a form of age discrimination. Finding the best possible solution is becoming quite necessary and important. Discussion As we stated, because all individuals do not age in the same way at the same rate an arbitrary regulation that applies to every driver that would require an automatic license suspension at a certain age would be genuinely unethical. Sometimes accidents happen. Just because one of the driver’s is elderly, the blame cannot not be placed on him, simply, because of his age. Elderly drivers are seldom speeding, drive at night, or take the risks in driving in bad weather.("FoxNews.com: Associated Press" 1) They, also, aga in are unlikely to be involved in accidents caused by their taking of illegal drugs or alcohol. That said, it is the impairments that come with age that the senior may not be aware of that could be making them a risk and they are, often, not aware of it. The aging population faces many natural psychological issues as they grow older. As they potentially lose their mobility, they may face internal health issues and are less able to do things as easily on their own as they once did. With that,

Chinese media boundaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chinese media boundaries - Essay Example In light of the above findings, it is evident that there trends necessitating disconnection when it come to this vital field. The media undoubtedly plays an important role in the lives of people. People relies on this institution for news and other information. As a result, it is vital to ensure that whatever is reported is free from manipulation or bias. It is for this reason that a research is conducted to identify the issues that influence reporting. This paper proposes the following as the research questions for the research: Does variance in political and governmental structures influence how media report government-related cases? Can the media be entirely free from manipulation? Should patriotism be a defining factor when reporting or should the truth be reported irrespective of the impact? Does the West’s level of civilization in comparison to China’s contribute to the way reporting is done? As noted above, reporting normally varies with different media houses le t alone nations meaning it can never be uniform. That is to say, there is a probability of America’s NBC to report the same news with CNN but from a very different context. According to Groseclose (2011), Ruschmann (2006), Davenport (2010) and Sloan & Mackay (2007) this discrepancy is fuelled by a number of issues including the motive of reporting, the interpretation and the validity of the source. In this case involving the Chinese, the problem is important because the cities in which the protests are taking place are vital to business world.

Shipping Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Shipping Laws - Essay Example Important aspect regarding dangerous goods could be gained from the IMDG Code but these also give more prominence to what kind of items dangerous goods and how they could be dealt with rather than expounded about dangerous goods and the damages they are capable of perpetrating on the high seas. In the case of dangerous goods, it needs to be distinguished whether the inherent constituents of the goods are dangerous, thereby possessing damaging qualities , or under set of circumstances, in combination with other extraneous and internal agencies, it is capable of causing fire, corrosion, explosions, diseases etc. Under English law, there is an implied clause in a contract of sea carriage that the goods are seaworthy per se, and dangerous goods would not be shipped. English laws do not concern themselves with the classification or class of dangerous goods, but is more interested in whther there is a real threat that dangerous goods may bring about. It could be said that dangerous goods n eed not be shipped except with the expressed consent and acceptance of all the concerned parties to the contract. From the viewpoint of the carrier, the dangerous goods are those which are capable of causing physical and material damages and or/losses. It needs also to be said that dangerous elements in a particular cargo need not be presupposed, and therefore, the possibility of cargo turning dangerous is a real phenomenon. It is really the Shipper who has intimate knowledge about the goods, and the fact that there is latent danger present in the goods. It is necessary for him to disclose this to the carrier or charterer, if he has reasons to believe tht the goods were, are or may become dangerous and also have it noted it in the Bill of Lading and labelled. The Carrier is responsible for damages, if he or his crew has acted negligently or without sufficient care or prudence, but he may not be able to physically know what the contents of the container are, except what is informed t o him. The Charterer has almost the same knowledge about the cargo, as the carrier, and can be only held responsible if there is a breach of contract, or a differentiation in the handling of the cargo, which is a contributory factor for the damages. The holder of the Bill of lading is not a party to the original contract and is not a de facto owner.  

Understaffed Nursing Problems in Hospitals Research Proposal

Understaffed Nursing Problems in Hospitals - Research Proposal Example It is noticeable that the nursing shortage has become a global issue that has put patients care at higher risk and residents are complaining of poor care. It has been found that some nursing homes are highly understaffed that have endangered the lives of patients (Ellis & Hartley, 2004). Thousands of nurses are needed in nursing homes to address the health issues of patients who need assistance to recover from chronic diseases. But, they are losing hope and facing more health complexities due to the shortage of nursing staff. Some evidence-based major complexities that emerge from lack of nurses' assistance include hypertension, catheterized patients, urinary infections, poor feeding resulting in malnutrition, dehydration and most prominently decrease in the participation rate of patients in healthy activities (Siela, 2009). Nursing staff is responsible for taking care of patients during medicines intake or meal time and their absence lead patients to more complex health conditions. †¢ Problem and Problem Statement: Present literature over closely related issues shows that no study has contributed to highlight the factors, which are responsible for causing understaffed nursing problems in hospitals. †¢ The significance of the Problem: Lack of identification of responsible factors is a crucial issue and its solution can lead to resolving problems of the understaffed nursing sector. This problem has significant importance as it will help practitioners and researchers recognize the areas, which need proper attention and modification to provide standard healthcare services to the patients. Additionally, a research-based study covering an important issue related to understaffed nursing department might also contribute to open the gate and beneficial opportunities for those individuals, who seek to build up the career in the field of nursing.  A study conducted by Buerhaus, Donelan & Ulrich in 2005 aimed to find out the rate and impact of registered nurse s in the hospitals.

National Space Centre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

National Space Centre - Essay Example Marketing entails the executive process of discovering and predicting customers’ needs in an attempt to satiate them, and thereby make profits from this undertaking. Furthermore, wise investors must know the exact consumer requirements, and device marketing stratagem that will satisfy them, while being able to overcome their opponents. The entrepreneurs must also apply the seven P’s available in the marketing mix. When properly implemented, these aspects give an entrepreneur an upper hand over their competitors. Conversely, while planning for any business experience, one must ensure that he or she employs all aspects of the 7Ps. It is apparent that leaders neglect some of their clients’ needs when they make vital business decisions concerning marketing. This is detrimental, since the clients’ needs are the real reason for any business undertaking. This document will look into this, and mull over pricing, another key aspect in marketing. Introduction Market ing is a crucial aspect in any business organization’s survival. ... are conversant with their clients’ requirements and see to it that it is economically viable to provide these products (and services) to the market. Besides, products can be either commodities or services provided in the market. The competitive nature of the markets today prompts entrepreneurs to employ the seven P’s in their marketing campaign. As a result, this manuscript will consider two of the seven P’s of marketing (price and people), and their influence on the success of National Space Centre in the Science Fiction field. In this manuscript, products will vastly depict services. People as an aspect of Marketing Mix Originally, the business people of the mid 1900s came up with 4P’s that tried to illustrate the business market situation in relation to competition. These included the Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. However, as business expanded with the incorporation of technology, 3 more P’s had to be in operation. These included Physical Evidence, People and Process (Balram & Ghuman 2007, p. 80). Business entailed sale of products and services. During trade, it was evident that the 4Ps benefitted the traders of products more than it did to those in the service business line. Besides, contemporary traders may apply more P’s than the current 7 in determining their market mix. However, this document will only reflect on two P’s, which are Price and People (the clients of the space centre will represent the people). The Leicester’s National Space Centre is about to hold an event. This will commemorate the success of its recent film that entails the experience of astronomers in space and their life in space. Their work has been triumphant because of careful application of the seven P’s crucial in the current, competitive environment. For

How Authentic And Religious Are Virtual Rituals Essay

How Authentic And Religious Are Virtual Rituals - Essay Example The accessibility of information online has drawn more people to virtual religious places, thus pulling them further away from offline, real-life religion. Connelly attests to this observation when he states that the lack of Buddhist teachers and learning centers, among other factors, has facilitated the growth of an online Buddhist ritual â€Å"Second Life†. Helland views a ritual as an individual or communal engagement undertaken for sacred reasons, which allows a person to have contact with the supernatural. A ritual can also be performed as a form of expressing social cohesion and preserving culture. In terms of social cohesion, Connelly states that through Second Life, feel like they belong to a community in which there are expressive involvements. The problem with online rituals as Helland states is that a person may decide to develop individual religiosity and deviate from what their traditional religious authority prescribes. These cyber rituals allow for some form of religious freedom that some strict religions are not comfortable with. According to Helland this raises the question of authenticity and authority of the people carrying out the rituals and the rituals themselves. Judging by this form of evaluation, Second Life would seem legitimate because, as Connelly states, most of the facilitators are ordained priest in real-life, who lead meditation rituals at Buddha centers.7. That aside, many questions are asked about the authenticity of the symbols found online and the sacredness of online space. The seriousness or level of religiousness of these symbols and the rituals they are used in is what bothers many religious observers. Although many people who are involved in online rituals claim that these rituals are as valid as real-life physical rituals, this issue remains to be a subject of debate. According to Connelly the symbols used in Second Life include donation boxes, statue of Buddha, incense, and meditation cushions8. These symbols, a mong others are a representation of the actual artifacts found at the Buddha Center. Virtual pilgrimages according to Helland are one of the most common points of disagreement between participants and observers9. The fact that such pilgrimages are called â€Å"virtual pilgrimages† makes observers hold the view that they are unreal. Here, it appears that observers measure the authenticity of pilgrimages using physical presence. In essence, this argument holds that a pilgrimage could only be valid if a person went physically to a place that is recognized as sacred by their religion. On the other hand, believers and practitioners of online religion believe that a spiritual journey does not have to bet physical, it can be metaphorical. For example, in addressing silent meditation in Second Life, Connelly states that while participants are meditating online, they are represented by avatars10. These avatars sit cross-legged in a room and they form a semicircle facing the statue of Buddha. Participants in Second Life even prostrate three times before entering the temple, in addition to using such words as â€Å"Namaste† at the final chime, in order to thank the facilitator. Yet, the availability of exceptionally good images and sounds that allows someone to make an electronic pilgrimage inside their head is real to those who believe. Helland states that there are those web developers who take the virtual sacred travels more real by, for example, connect with the actual places. This way, these developers can place sacred words or prayer items that can be read to the online audience during the virtual pilgrimage. In silent meditation, according to Connell

Spread of Islam in the Post Classical Period Essay Example for Free

Spread of Islam in the Post Classical Period Essay The Sassanid Empire served as the revival of the Persian Empire from 244-651 C.E., Persian traditions had endured during this time period and kinships as well as Zoroastrian religion were part of their everyday life. Bedouin or nomadic societies inhabited the Arabian Peninsula as well, with a culture based on goat and camel herding. However, life styles and interactions changed with the introduction of Islam in the Post Classical period. In the 7th century Islam began a series of conquest and conversions, making their potential to become the first truly global civilization unstoppable. Once the Muslim raids began in India in 711 C.E. Islam’s influence changed the Hindu way of life and cultural unity between these and other civilizations began. The introduction of Islam to the Middle East and India from 622-1450 C.E. brought cultural, political, and economic continuities and changes to these societies. Cultural and economic continuities included architecture and the growth of a strong trading system; however, there were changes in political systems from kinships and Persian influence to religious based kingdoms and rulers. Cultural unity became one of the leading characteristics of the Empire. Architecture was one of the ideas that spread throughout the continents as well. Not only did it reach India and Africa, but the European continent as well. The mosque is a place of worship for those who follow the Islam faith. The first mosque to be built was the Quba Mosque in Medina, which was built when Muhammad arrived from the hijra back in 630 C.E. After the construction of the first mosque the idea of a place for worship spread. The first mosques had dome shaped roofs and minarets to call people for prayer. As these ideas spread they became continuous in different societies as they adopted the same architectural techniques. As Islam spread, and architecture spread with it the idea of the mosque, a place for worship, and full devotion to Allah remained throughout its history. India adapted many of the Islam-Persian ideas for construction such as domes and minarets. The idea of the mosque is prolonged until this day. However, within this continuity changes arose. India and the Middle East were located in nearly the same region and shared a common climate. Their architectural ideas didn’t differ to extremes. What did affect their differences was their idea of beauty and the materials available to them at that time. Both civilizations developed nearly isolated from each other until the first raids in 711 C.E. and the formal establishment of a political Islamic power in India on 1206 C.E. By that time each of them had developed their own concept of beauty, which they introduced to architectural designs. For a long period of time Hindus had used wood as their primary material in construction, and had learned to modify it and use it to their taste. When this material became scarce they started using brick or stone like the Arabs. Both civilizations used the same materials, but Hindus managed stone differently since they brought many of the ide as and techniques they used with wood to this material. Nevertheless, a mosque can be clearly recognized in most societies, and although cultures introduced their concept of beauty into it, the idea of a place of worship to Allah was and still is continuous. Trade, no matter where and when, has always been an economic continuity throughout history. Dar al- Islam referred to the freedom to practice the religion in different places. As the religion spread, Dar al- Islam became more prominent among societies. Religious beliefs arrived at different civilizations and were soon adopted by them. Trade had been seen before in civilizations, however with Islamic conquests it flourished. In Bedouin society tribes and towns traded with each other on a small scale. With the introduction of Islam landmasses were linked by important trade routes like: the Silk Road, the Trans- Saharan trade, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea. The Middle East was in the middle of this trading business and so it benefited from this constant interaction. For the Post Classical part of its history, the Middle East controlled much of India’s trade with other civilizations. As trade flourished, new demands for materials took place. Although trade was sustained throughout history and it became a continuity in every society, during this time period some of the ways it was used and some of the demands for materials changed. In the Indian Ocean trade grew bigger each time, and demands for silk, porcelain, spices, gems, cotton, horses, and even slaves increased. Changes in the demand for goods reflected in the prosperity of the civilizations. Now, people mainly traded luxurious, and beautiful objects, which they couldn’t find where they lived but were not really essential for their survival. The materials they traded may have changed, but trade flourished during these years making many economies dependent to its growth. Many changes were seen once the Muslims adjusted the Persian society to a religious based empire. Politically, many traditions and cultural influences from the Persians changed during the early development of Islam. The Middle East was a mix between nomads, Kingdoms, and empires ending with the Sassanid Empire in 651 C.E., Past societies used kinships to choose their rulers, unlike Islamic ones who used religious leaders as successors of Muhammad. The same happened with India, which was a Hindu society ruled by the caste-system. The religion did influence the civilization politically if we take the caste system into account, but aside from that no Hindu beliefs and traditions were used in the government. Islam changed this idea completely. The religion believed in a government fully merged with Islamic beliefs. The Zakat, for example, was a tax for charity obligatory for the new faith, the places under Islamic control most be involved in paying this tax. Islam caused unity as well, warriors and leaders were given a common cause and strength to glorify their new religion, and so this encouraged them to spread to other regions. Jihads, which were holy wars, took place, all because of the words of Allah in the Qur’an. Everything being done was influence by the word of Allah. Sharia, which is the moral codes and laws of Islam, became the fundamental set of laws to follow. This set of moral codes and laws are derived from the Qur’an, showing its strong influence in politics from the reign of Muhammad to today. India was influenced by all these changes as well, which in a way mixed with Hinduism. The idea that men and women both could reach heaven promoted equality, and it was something that the Hindus adopted from the religion. However, the Arabs also adopted some of the Hindus ideas like the veil and harem, which still placed women as inferiors and submissive. Historically, Arab culture did not show this type of behavior towards women. In fact, Muhammad’s first wife Khadija was actually of great importance in Islamic religion, often referred to as â€Å"mother of Islam† and being the first real adherent of Islam. Khadija was given great value and respect among with other women who became adherents afterward. After this huge change however, Islamic politics became continuity throughout the whole Post Classical Period and even to present day. An Islamic based government was soon incorporated into their culture and became normal from there on. With the introduction of religion to the government a significant change was made from Persian culture to Islamic beliefs, after the fall of the Sassanid Empire, however once this change was made it became perpetual to the society. The Post Classical period, raging from 622-1450 C.E., was a period of change and continuous growth. Islam became the first global society in history, extending its territory and providing similar cultural aspects like architecture and economic aspects like trading to different societies. Political changes were prominent in this era, and they changed the way civilizations under Islamic power functioned, from kinships and clan leaders to religious based empires. Islam had a rapid growth and with the growth of Dar Al-Islam, the religion was able to spread to different continents and change past traditions, but at the same time integrate with local traditions and create a lasting influence in various societies.

Boise Art Museum Essay Example for Free

Boise Art Museum Essay Boise Art Museum is located in a serene environment with beautifully manicured lawns adorned with various artifacts. I had the privilege of visiting this renowned museum on 18th August 2003. During this time an exhibition showing the ceramic artistic works of Wanxin Zhang was ongoing. The ceramic works featured Chinese figures molded to the height of an average person and each piece having its own uniqueness. Each of the figures represented different emotions and personalities. Some of the figures even had clothing that depicted a combination of tradition and modernity. One astonishing aspect about the figures is how the artist managed such art with such huge ceramics. This depicted mastery of the art. Although all the figures were brown in color and more or less of the same size, it was very easy to discern differences in terms of the emotions and personalities displayed by the clothing, posture and facial expressions. This outlined how diversity can be achieved in art just by varying aspects such as posture and facial expression. The technique was superb as the artist managed utilize contour to bring out contrast in different parts of the body and to create outline for the clothing. The finishing was also smooth and rough surfaces were meant to bring certain aspects of the figure such as clothing. The figures are also amazing due to the extent that they manage to combine tradition and modernity. Looking at the figures one also notices the sense of humor of the artist. Some figures were adorned with glasses and some had neck ties. This gave the figures a funny and a ridiculous look. Generally the artist outlined how possible though ridiculous it would be to combine tradition and modernity in a single piece of work. This is actually a very rare observation considering that the figures still manage to look artistic and portray a rich Chinese culture. Reference: Boise Art Museum. (2010, August 18). Wanxin Zhang: A Ten Year Survey. Retrieved August 18, 2010, from Boise Art Museum: http://boiseartmuseum. org/exhibit/current. php